Becoming a U.S. citizen is one of the most meaningful milestones in a person’s life. It represents belonging, security, and opportunity but for many, the journey to citizenship can feel like a long and uncertain road.
If you’ve started (or are planning to start) your naturalization process, you’re probably wondering: How long will it take?
The truth is, there’s no single answer. The process can move quickly for some and take much longer for others. But understanding the timeline, the steps, and the possible delays can help you prepare and move forward with confidence.
What Exactly Is the Naturalization Process?
The naturalization process is the legal path that allows a permanent resident (green card holder) to become a U.S. citizen. It’s handled by the U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) and involves several steps, from filing your application to attending the Oath of Allegiance ceremony.
For most applicants, the process includes:
- Filing Form N-400 (Application for Naturalization)
- Completing biometrics (fingerprinting)
- Attending an interview and civics test
- Receiving a decision
- Participating in the Oath of Allegiance ceremony
Each of these steps takes time and together, they usually span 12 to 18 months. But that timeline can stretch depending on many personal and regional factors.
A Realistic Timeline: Step-by-Step Breakdown
Let’s walk through what typically happens after you apply.
Filing Form N-400
After you submit your Form N-400 and pay the fee, USCIS will mail you a receipt notice confirming that your application has been received.
Average wait: 2–4 weeks
Tip: Double-check your form before submitting incomplete or incorrect answers are one of the biggest causes of early delays.
Biometrics Appointment
You’ll receive a letter scheduling your biometrics appointment. This is where USCIS collects your fingerprints, photos, and signature for background check.
Average wait: 5–8 weeks after filing
Tip: Attend the appointment on time, bring valid ID, and don’t reschedule unless necessary missing it can push your case back months.
The Interview and Civics Test
This is the heart of the process. You’ll be called for an interview at your local USCIS office, where an officer will review your application, test your English and civics knowledge, and verify your eligibility.
Average wait: 6–12 months after filing
Many people find this step nerve-wracking, but preparation makes a big difference. At Raju Law, we often help clients practice sample questions, understand their rights, and feel confident walking into the interview.
Receiving the Decision
After the interview, you’ll receive one of three outcomes:
Approved – Congratulations! You’re ready for the oath ceremony.
Continued – USCIS needs more documents or additional information.
Denied – If this happens, you may appeal or reapply after fixing the issues.
Average wait: 1–4 weeks after interview
Oath of Allegiance Ceremony
This is the moment you’ve been waiting for the final step where you officially become a U.S. citizen. You’ll take the Oath of Allegiance and receive your Certificate of Naturalization.
Average wait: 1–2 months after approval
Bring your family, take pictures, and celebrate this incredible milestone. You’ve earned it.
Why Does It Take So Long?
It’s a fair question and one we hear every week from our clients.
There’s no single cause, but here are the most common reasons for delays:
- Backlogs at USCIS offices: Some locations process cases faster than others due to staffing and local demand.
- Security and background checks: USCIS must review your history through several government databases.
- Incomplete or inaccurate applications: Even small errors can send your case back for review.
- Name checks: If your name is like someone flagged in a federal database, expect delays.
- Complex histories: Previous immigration issues, travel records, or criminal cases can trigger additional scrutiny.
In short: The system isn’t broken it’s just thorough. The government wants to make sure every applicant meets all legal and security requirements before granting citizenship.
Factors That Can Affect Your Timeline
Every case is unique, but these are the issues that most often extend the process:
- Having a Criminal Record
Even minor offenses may slow down your background check. It doesn’t necessarily mean denial, but USCIS will look deeper into your history. - Traveling Abroad Frequently
If you’ve spent long periods outside the U.S., USCIS may need proof that you maintained continuous residence something essential for eligibility. - Marriage to a U.S. Citizen
If you’re married to a U.S. citizen, you can apply after 3 years (instead of 5), but once you’ve applied, your processing time is usually about the same. - Security and Name Checks
Applicants from certain regions or with similar names to others under investigation can face additional security steps. This can be frustrating, but it’s often unavoidable.
Can You Speed Up the Naturalization Process?
While you can’t skip any steps, you can make sure nothing slows you down unnecessarily.
Here’s how:
- File early and accurately. Even one missing document can cost weeks.
- Keep your address updated with USCIS so you don’t miss any notices.
- Prepare for your interview know the civics questions and review your N-400.
- Respond promptly to any USCIS requests.
- Avoid unnecessary travel that may interfere with appointments.
If your case has been pending far beyond normal processing times, you can:
- Submit a case inquiry through the USCIS Case Status tool.
- Contact your local congressional office, which may intervene on your behalf.
- As a last resort, speak with an immigration attorney about filing a writ of mandamus a lawsuit that compels USCIS to take action.
Real Talk: What to Expect Emotionally
Waiting for your citizenship decision can be stressful. You’ve already built a life here, worked hard, paid taxes, and contributed to your community and now you’re stuck in bureaucratic limbo.
It’s okay to feel anxious or impatient. Everyone who’s been through this process understands that waiting for that approval notice feels like waiting for your future to begin.
At Raju Law, we remind our clients: You’re not just applying for a status you’re claiming your place in the story of this country. That’s worth a little patience.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)
1. How long does the naturalization process take in 2025?
Most applicants can expect 12 to 18 months, but it varies by your USCIS field office and personal circumstances.
2. Can my criminal record delay or affect my application?
Yes, but not always permanently. USCIS may request more details, and in some cases, legal guidance can help clarify your eligibility.
3. Does being married to a U.S. citizen make the process faster?
It lets you apply sooner (after 3 years of residence), but once you apply, the government timeline is generally the same.
4. What happens if I travel abroad during the process?
Short trips are fine, but long absences could raise questions about your continuous residence and may delay your case.
5. How can I check my case status?
You can track your application anytime on USCIS.gov using your receipt number. You’ll also receive official updates by mail.
Resources
- USCIS: The Naturalization Process
- Boundless Immigration: Citizenship Timeline
- Rebecca Black Law: Comprehensive Guide to Naturalization
